Biofilm development in three-dimensional models infected with Trichophyton rubrum

Abstract

Fungal skin infections, particularly those caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton rubrum , are widespread and often neglected, resulting in significant health burdens and the development of antifungal resistance due to their virulence factors, such as biofilm formation. Traditional in vitro and ex vivo infection models fail to mimic the human skin environment accurately, lacking key features, such as keratinization and three-dimensional (3D) configuration, which are critical for emulating in vivo infection conditions. The development of alternative 3D models, such as reconstructed human skin and spheroids, presents a transformative opportunity to enhance our understanding of host-parasite interactions. These models more closely replicate the structural and physiological properties of human skin, enabling the observation of fungal invasion and biofilm behavior under more realistic conditions. By supporting complex cellular communication and maintaining tissue architecture, 3D models provide a more accurate platform for studying fungal pathogenesis, ultimately paving the way for identifying new therapeutic targets and improving strategies to combat persistent and drug-resistant infections.