Organometallic complexes in catalysis for sustainable chemistry: a review

Abstract

Organometallic catalysis is at the forefront of sustainable chemistry, offering highly efficient and selective solutions for critical transformations in modern chemical processes. This review comprehensively analyzes 80 studies, focusing on the use of transition metals such as palladium, nickel, and copper, which dominate reactions like hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, carbon-carbon bond formation, and carbon dioxide utilization. Additionally, the review explores the growing importance of earth-abundant metals like iron and cobalt as greener alternatives to conventional catalysts. Detailed mechanistic insights are provided into key catalytic cycles, such as oxidative addition, reductive elimination, and transmetalation, illustrating the pivotal role of ligand modifications in fine-tuning reactivity and selectivity. The potential of organometallic catalysts in CO2 conversion is particularly highlighted, showcasing their ability to address environmental challenges by transforming CO2 into valuable chemicals. Despite significant advancements, challenges persist in expanding the use of cost-effective, earth-abundant metals, optimizing catalytic performance in aqueous systems, and scaling sustainable processes for industrial use. This review emphasizes the necessity of continued innovation in catalytic design, CO2 valorization, and the integration of computational tools to predict and enhance catalytic activity. By bridging traditional and green chemistry, organometallic catalysts offer profound opportunities to revolutionize sustainable practices, with the potential to reshape industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to energy.