Chronic pain and depression

Abstract

Introduction 241 Epidemiology 241 Experimental pain studies and depression 242 Functional imaging, pain, and depression 242 Tricyclic antidepressants 243 Evidence-based outcomes for tricyclic antidepressants 244 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 245 Evidence-based outcomes for serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 245 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 246 Evidence-based outcomes for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 246 Miscellaneous antidepressants 247 Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome 247 Serotonin syndrome 248 Conclusions 248 Acknowledgments 248 References 248 Chronic pain and depression are epidemiologically linked. Individuals with chronic pain and depressive symptoms have altered responses to pain stimuli and opioids. Functional neuroimaging techniques demonstrate differences in brain activity among adults with chronic pain and depression.