Breast Cancer in Young Women: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Screening Challenges

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases annually. In the United States, it accounts for 15.5% of all new cancer cases in 2024, with over 42,000 deaths reported annually. Despite advancements in detection and treatment, mortality remains a concern. This paper explores breast cancer’s biological and clinical characteristics, risk factors, and screening strategies, with a particular focus on young women. The disease originates from abnormal cell growth in breast tissue and is classified into various subtypes based on molecular markers. Key risk factors include age, genetic predisposition (e.g., BRCA mutations), and lifestyle influences such as obesity and alcohol consumption. The disease often manifests in a more aggressive form with less favorable outcomes in younger women.Early detection through mammography significantly reduces mortality, but debates persist over the optimal screening age due to concerns about false positives and overdiagnosis. This study examines existing screening guidelines, the economic burden of screening, and barriers to access for young women. This study examines approaches to boost early detection and close the gaps in breast cancer survival rates. It also highlights the critical need for addressing inequalities by increasing diversity in clinical trials and providing equal access to high-quality care and screening.