A Review of Synthesis Methods of Chalcones, Flavonoids, and Coumarins

Abstract

Chalcones are the primary building blocks for flavonoids and isoflavonoids production. Chalcones are a three-carbon, -unsaturated carbonyl system. Chalcones form when an aromatic aldehyde reacts with acetophenones in the presence of a catalyst. For the synthesis of these molecules, a variety of methods and approaches have been reported. The Aldol condensation and Claisen-Schmidt condensation reactions are the most commonly referenced synthetic protocols in the literature, but the Suzuki reaction, Witting reaction, and Photo-Fries rearrangement have also been employed as synthetic procedures within the chalcone framework. SOCl 2 natural phosphate, lithium nitrate, amino grafted zeolites, zinc oxide, water, K 2 CO 3, PEG400, silica sulfuric acid, ZrCl 4, and ionic liquid are among the most commonly used catalysts in the synthesis of the chalcone framework.