School Violence: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors, Manifestations, and Intervention Strategies

Abstract

School violence is a multifaceted phenomenon with significant implications for student well-being, social coexistence, and academic performance. This systematic review, guided by PRISMA 2020 standards, examined 65 studies published between 2018 and 2024 to identify risk factors, manifestations of the problem, and effective intervention approaches. Findings indicate that individual variables such as low self-esteem, impulsivity, and difficulties in emotional self-regulation interact with family dynamics marked by domestic violence and limited parental supervision, increasing the likelihood of aggressive behaviors. Negative school climate and community exposure to violent environments emerged as consistent predictors. The most frequently reported forms of school violence were verbal aggression, psychological violence, and cyberbullying. Effective interventions integrated socio-emotional education programs, school mediation, and sustained institutional policies. Overall, the evidence highlights the importance of preventive and comprehensive strategies that involve the entire educational community.