Transforming Brainwaves into Language: EEG Microstates Meet Text Embedding Models for Dementia Detection

Abstract

This study proposes a novel, scalable, noninvasive and channel-independent approach for early dementia detection, particularly Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), by representing Electroencephalography (EEG) microstates as symbolic, language-like sequences. These representations are processed via text embedding and time-series deep learning models for classification. Developed on EEG data from 1001 participants across multiple countries, the proposed method achieves a high accuracy of 94.31% for AD detection. By eliminating the need for fixed EEG configurations and costly/invasive modalities, the introduced approach improves generalisability and enables cost-effective deployment without requiring separate AI models or specific devices. It facilitates scalable and accessible dementia screening, supporting timely interventions and enhancing AD detection in resource-limited communities.