Feasibility of a new method for identification and discrimination of gunshot residues by total reflection X-ray fluorescence and principal component analysis

Abstract

This study aims at identifying and discriminating gunshot residue (GSR) from conventional ammunition of six different calibers by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and pattern recognition by principal component analysis (PCA). GSR samples were collected from hands of volunteer shooters with swabs moistened with deionized water and were extracted with 5% v v-1 nitric acid. Aliquots were deposited on quartz disks for further determination by TXRF of the elements Al, S, Ca, K, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Sb, Ba and Pb, whose concentrations were imported into the MATLAB® software for PCA execution. The method proved to be adequate for identification of one- and three-shot residue inorganic components from .40, 9 mm, .380, .38 and .308 calibers, and of three-shot residues from .32 caliber, as well as for sample discrimination as a function of the conventional ammunition calibers studied.