Bio composite of porous hydroxyapatite and collagen extracted from eggshell membrane and Oreochromis niloticus fish skin for bone tissue applications

Abstract

Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by a chemical reaction between eggshell and phosphoric acid mixed with a foaming agent. Hydroxyapatite was composited with collagen prepared from a fermentation process of Acetobacter xylinum with eggshell membranes, extraction process of Oreochromis niloticus fish skin, and commercial-grade collagen. Results of physical-mechanical-thermal properties of the bio composite materials yielded them as potential candidates for bone tissue engineering, drug delivery through the body, as well as tissue regeneration. The porous hydroxyapatite added foaming agent namely 64HA-1NaHCO3-500 and 64HA-1NaHCO3-600 having pore size and pore volume suitable for good adhering of collagen fiber types prepared from the fermentation process of Acetobacter xylinum of eggshell membrane and freeze-drying process of Oreochromis niloticus. Because after reinforcing with collagen gave the highest compressive strength and three-point bending strength values higher than HA samples without collagen three to five magnitudes. Furthermore, both bio composite samples served as positive thermal shock absorbers with significantly strong scanning electron microscope adhesion microstructures of collagen fibers within the porous HA matrices.