Emerging Disease: A Case Series of post-COVID-19 Cholangiopathy

Abstract

Introduction: Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy is a novel condition characterized by biliary tract sclerosis and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels in critically ill patients. This case series aims to describe the experience of a Latin American reference hospital in managing this condition. Methods: This case series includes patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who exhibited subsequent elevation of alkaline phosphatase levels exceeding three times the normal value. The patients also had documented bile duct abnormalities observed through cholangioresonance or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The clinical presentation, imaging findings, complications, and treatment approaches are described. Results: Eight patients (56.5 ± 9.2 years old, 62.5% male) were included in the study. All patients had pre-viously experienced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia and required mechanical ventilation. Four patients (50%) received sedoanalgesia with ketamine, and all eight patients (100%) received propofol. All patients developed infections, such as cholangitis or liver abscesses, caused by gram-negative bacteria. The peak alkaline phosphatase level during follow-up averaged 1646.12 ± 611.3. Imaging findings revealed intrahepatic (100%) and extrahepatic (87.5%) bile duct dilation. In 75% of cases, bile molds with a black appearance were extracted. Seven patients experienced recurrent cholan-gitis, and three patients were referred for pre-liver transplant consultation. Conclusions: Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy is characterized by severe cholestasis, intra-and extrahepatic bile duct dilation, formation of bile molds, and recurrent cholangitis. In our study, a possible association between sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria and the use of sedative medications is hypothesized. Further studies are necessary to establish the most appropriate management strategies for these patients, as they currently face unfavorable long-term morbidity and mortality outcomes.