CO2-Effervescence in Liquid Phase Microextraction for the Determination of Micropollutants in Environmental Water: a Review

Abstract

Abstract: Liquid phase microextraction is a state-of-the-art micro-analytical work with numerous advantages documented in the scientific literature. One of the most intriguing subclasses is the CO2-effervescence assisted dispersive liquid−liquid microextraction method. Working theory was based on an acid-based reaction involving a proton donor and a carbon dioxide source. The paper outlines the considerations regarding the microextraction performance that can change in terms of physical, chemical properties, and its application for environmental sample analysis. A wide range of the developed and applied novel methods clearly indicates that CO2-effervescence is still in demand among researchers looking for new achievements in green analytical chemistry. This review focuses on the method application for the extraction and preconcentration of different classes of micropollutants (organic or inorganic) in environmental waters. New breakthroughs in the microextraction process show enhanced performance of the system in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, precision and the attempt to reduce extraction steps during separation or retrieval processes for low concentrations of analytes. Future direction refers to the improvement of green parameters in the microextraction, use of extracting agents as co-dispersers (solid or liquid), removal of elution dependency in solvents by the use of super-paramagnetic properties, etc. The success stories of the method development are widely documented in the literature. This microextraction technique will continue to serve as a reliable tool for the determination of micropollutants in environmental samples.