Mechanism of hydrodenitrogenation on phosphides and sulfides

Abstract

The mechanism of hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of 2-methylpiperidine was studied over a silica-supported nickel phosphide catalyst (Ni 2P/SiO2, Ni/P = 1/2) and a commercial Ni-Mo-S/Al 2O3 catalyst in a three-phase trickle-bed reactor operated at 3.1 MPa and 450-600 K. Analysis of the product distribution as a function of contact time indicated that the reaction proceeded in both cases predominantly by a substitution mechanism, with a smaller contribution of an elimination mechanism. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the 2-methylpiperidine indicated that at reaction conditions a piperidinium ion intermediate was formed on both the sulfide and the phosphide. It is concluded that the mechanism of HDN on nickel phosphide is very similar to that on sulfides. The mechanism on the nickel phosphide was also probed by comparing the reactivity of piperidine and several of its derivatives in the presence of 3000 ppm S. The relative elimination rates depended on the structure of the molecules, and followed the sequence: 4-methylpiperidine ∼ piperidine > 3-methylpiperidine > 2,6-dimethylpiperidine > 2-methylpiperidine. This order of reactivity was not dependent on the number of α-H or β-H atoms in the molecules, ruling out their reaction through a single, simple mechanism. It is likely that the unhindered piperidine molecules reacted by an SN2 substitution process and the more hindered 2,6-dimethylpiperidine reacted by an E2 elimination process.