Effects of Artemisia asiatica ex on Akkermansia muciniphila dominance for modulation of Alzheimer’s disease in mice

Abstract

The gut microbiome influences neurological disorders through bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, i.e., the gut-brain axis. Artemisia asiatica ex, an extract of Artemisia asiatica Nakai (Stillen®, DA-9601) has been reported to improve depression by increasing brain-derived neurotropic factor. Therefore, we hypothesized that DA-9601 can be a potential therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) acting through the gut-brain axis. Four groups of Tg2576 mice were used as the animal model for AD: wild type mice (n = 6), AD mice (n = 6), and DA-9601-administered AD mice given dosages of 30mg/ kg/day (DA_30mg; n = 6) or 100mg/kg/day (DA_100mg; n = 6). Microglial activation, blood–brain barrier integrity, amyloid beta accumulation, cognitive behavior, and changes in the gut microbiome were analyzed. DA-9601 improved the cognitive behavior of mice (DA_30mg **p<0.01; DA_100mg **p<0.01) and reduced amyloid beta accumulation (DA_30mg ***p<0.001; DA_100mg **p<0.01). Increased Iba-1 and upregulation of claudin-5 (DA_30mg *p<0.05) and occludin (DA_30mg **p<0.01; DA_100mg ***p<0.001) indicated altered microglial activation and improved blood–brain barrier integrity. Akkermansia muciniphila was dramatically increased by DA-9601 administration (DA_30mg 47%; DA_100mg 61%). DA-9601 improved AD pathology with Akkermansia muciniphila dominance in the gut microbiome in a mouse model of AD, inferring that DA-9601 can affect AD through the gut-brain axis.