Living Heritage: Transformations and Adaptations of Vernacular Houses to Contemporary Needs in Sweida, Southern Syria

Abstract

Vernacular architecture embodies essential local knowledge to adapt to local climate and the socio-cultural practices of the communities in day to day living. Undeniably, there is much research into vernacular architecture around the world. However, substantial research gaps persist regarding transformation processes, particularly in how residents adapt heritage structures to meet contemporary needs. Transformations of vernacular settlements represent ongoing negotiations between inherited architectural forms and evolving functional, social, and economic requirements. In this context, this research examines architectural transformations of vernacular houses in Sweida, southern Syria. It employs a qualitative case study as a method that involves fieldwork. Nine settlements, stratified by the settlement type (urban, suburban, and rural), with a total of 146 houses were studied. Data were generated through three methods: (1) visual surveys and architectural documentation of house facades, spatial configurations, and material use; (2) non-participatory observations of household practices and spatial usage; and (3) discussions with residents regarding motivations for architectural changes. Archival research provided contextual information on the settlements' geographic, climatic, and historical backgrounds. Research was conducted between July and October 2023. Findings reveal eight types of architectural transformations in four categories: structural, functional, morphological, and material changes. These have been driven by three primary factors: functional necessities, structural maintenance challenges, and evolving family dynamics. Rather than representing conflict between tradition and modernity, residents actively adapted vernacular forms to accommodate contemporary living requirements while maintaining spatial and cultural principles such as courtyards. This demonstrates that vernacular architecture remains dynamic, continuously shaped by residents' negotiation between preserving inherited cultural identity and addressing practical living needs.