Review on Pesticide Contamination and Drinking Water Treatment in Brazil: The Need for Improved Treatment Methods

Abstract

Pesticide pollution of surface water is a global threat to drinking water safety. The need for improved drinking water treatment methods is discussed by using Brazil as a case study. Brazil’s agriculture is intensive, and pesticide consumption is high, while current drinking water treatment methods are inadequate for effectively removing pesticides. Available data on surface water contamination in Brazil show widespread occurrence of pesticides in natural waters, thereby putting pressure on the water treatment system and threatening the quality and safety of drinking water. Pesticide concentrations in drinking water frequently exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations if EU regulations (0.1 μg/L) were applied, highlighting the need for improvements in drinking water treatment. (Advanced) drinking water treatment for the removal of pesticides has been intensely researched over the past decade. However, challenges such as high cost and energy intensity, as well as the production of hazardous byproducts, must be assessed critically. Safely managed drinking water is crucial to the sustainable development of low- and middle-income countries and can be achieved only through appropriate technology. Engineered biofiltration has been put forward as a sustainable alternative to conventional and advanced drinking water treatment. This review highlights the promising potential of engineered biofiltration and its associated challenges.