Dissemination of Beauveria bassiana by Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Canola

Abstract

RAF kinases (ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF) are highly conserved enzymes that trigger the RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 (MAPK) pathway upon activation of RAS. Despite enormous clinical interest, relatively little is known on the role of RAFs in mediating immune responses. Here, we investigated the role of RAF kinases and MEK1/2 in dendritic cells (DCs), the central regulators of T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses and the adaptive immune system. We demonstrate that RAF kinases are active and stabilized at their protein levels during DC differentiation. Inhibition of RAF kinases but not MEK1/2 impaired the activation of DCs in both mice and human. As expected, DCs treated with RAF inhibitors show defects in activating T cells. Further, RAF and MEK1/2 kinases are directly required for the activation and proliferation of CD4 + T cells. Our observations suggest that RAF and MEK1/2 have independent roles in regulating DC function that has important implications for administering RAF–MAPK inhibitors in the clinics.