European Identity: Concept, Determinants, and Policy Approaches

Abstract

Against the background of various European crises, this study looks into the determinants of ‘European Identity’. After a conceptual clarification of terminology, the article describes ongoing trends both in European identity and EU support. The subsequent survey comprehensively summarizes the existing literature’s insights on significant positive and negative determinants of European identity and summarizes findings from a recent study based on Eurobarometer data. These insights help identify target groups and aspects that may guide strategies that foster a European perspective. We elaborate six proposals in more detail: transnational party lists, an EU Citizens’ Assembly, EU consular offices, Pensioners’ Erasmus, a ‘European Waltz’ program and an EU public service broadcaster.