A modified calcium retention capacity assay clarifies the roles of extra- And intracellular calcium pools in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening

Abstract

Calcium homeostasis is essential for cell survival and is precisely controlled by several cellular actors such as the sarco/ endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Upon stress induction, Ca2+ released from sarco/endoplasmic reticulum stores and from extracellular Ca2+ pools accumulates in the cytosol and in the mitochondria. This induces Ca2+ overload and ultimately the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), promoting cell death. Currently, it is unclear whether intracellular Ca2+ stores are sufficient to promote the mPTP opening. Ca2+ retention capacity (CRC) corresponds to the maximal Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondria before mPTP opening. In this study, using permeabilized cardiomyocytes isolated from adult mice, we modified the standard CRC assay by specifically inducing reticular Ca2+ release to investigate the respective contributions of reticular Ca2+ and extracellular Ca2+ to mPTP opening in normoxic conditions or after anoxia–reoxygenation. Our experiments revealed that Ca2+ released from the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum is not sufficient to trigger mPTP opening and corresponds to ~50% of the total Ca2+ levels required to open the mPTP. We also studied mPTP opening after anoxia–reoxygenation in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. In both conditions, Ca2+ leakage from internal stores could not trigger mPTP opening by itself but significantly decreased the CRC. Our findings highlight how a modified CRC assay enables the investigation of the role of reticular and extracellular Ca2+ pools in the regulation of the mPTP. We propose that this method may be useful for screening molecules of interest implicated in mPTP regulation.