No More Translation at Runtime: LLM-Empowered Static Binary Translation

Abstract

While AArch64 CPUs are becoming strong market contenders, their software ecosystem lags behind the mature x86-64 environment, hindering the adoption of the new architectures and impacting user experience. Binary translation bridges this divide by converting binary code from one architecture (e.g., x86-64) to run on another (e.g., AArch64), allowing legacy software to benefit from modern hardware’s performance and energy efficiency advantages. Current translation methods are typically either dynamic, which adds significant runtime overhead, or static, which struggles with reliability due to the inherent complexities of binary analysis. This paper introduces a new static, assembly-to-assembly translation paradigm that transforms binary code ahead of execution, generating portable, efficient native-like binaries that run on AArch64 devices without runtime frameworks. Benefiting from recent breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs), we provide a practical and automated translation engine that produces high-quality code with minimal human intervention. To ensure correctness, we introduce a crucial verification step, where we split the assembly code into simplified snippets, enabling efficient and scalable semantic verification. Our evaluation shows that this approach significantly outperforms existing open-source solutions with a large margin, producing binaries with near-native performance. Furthermore, it shows substantial improvements over the leading industrial translator, ExaGear, illuminating a promising new direction for cross-architecture binary translation research.