Healthier lifestyles can modify the air pollutants effect on cardiovascular disease among the middle-aged and elderly

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that air pollutants significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, less research has been conducted to date to reveal protective factors. Therefore, this study aims to indicate whether a healthy lifestyle can modify the effects of environmental pollution on CVD. This study screened 3010 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) Wave 3 (2015). The study aimed to systematically demonstrate the impact of environmental pollution on CVD and elucidate the role of a healthy lifestyle. Air pollutant data were obtained from the China High Air Pollutant (CHAP) datasets. We analyzed the relationship between these pollutants and cardiovascular disease risk using generalized linear mixed models. In addition, healthy lifestyles were categorized as low, medium, and high; stratified analyses were conducted to estimate the effect of healthy lifestyles on the risk of CVD due to air pollutants. 607 had CVD among 3010 participants, and the three-year mean concentrations of the pollutants chloride ion (Cl−), nitrate ion (NO3−), particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10), particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM1), particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM2.5) were each linked 1.37 (95%CI:1.22,1.54), 1.03 (95%CI:1.00,1.06), 1.02 (95%CI:1.01,1.03), 1.01 (95%CI:1.00,1.01), and 1.01 (95%CI:1.00,1.01) fold risk of CVD, respectively. For the subgroups of low, medium, and high according to the healthy lifestyle score in model 2, the average concentration of Cl− pollutant was each associated with 1.34 (1.12,1.62), 1.34 (1.12,1.61), and 1.32 (1.03,1.71) times risk with CVD, respectively. The NO3− was each associated with 1.06 (1.02,1.11), 1.01 (0.97,1.05), and 0.98 (0.93,1.04) times risk with CVD, respectively. The PM1 was each associated with 1.03 (1.01,1.05), 1.01 (0.99,1.02), and 1.00 (0.97,1.02) times risk with CVD, respectively. The PM10 was each associated with 1.01 (1.00,1.01), 1.01 (0.99,1.01), and 1.00 (0.99,1.01) times risk with CVD, respectively. PM2.5 was each associated with 1.02 (1.01,1.03), 1.00 (0.99,1.01), and 1.00 (0.99,1.01) times risk with CVD, respectively. Exposure to these pollutants(Cl−, NO3−, PM10, PM1, PM2.5)is associated with higher risk of CVD, and healthier lifestyles can reduce the risk of CVD due to overall air pollutants.