The three dimensional framework of positive and negative goal representation

Abstract

There has been little agreement as to the definitions of positive (approach) and negative (avoidance) goals. To clarify these definitions, this review introduces a framework for positive and negative goals in which 3 dimensions (reference, achievement, and outcome) are identified and defined strictly. To confirm the usefulness of this framework, the following was done : (a) The framework was applied to various research areas, including control theory, achievement goal theory, goal-framing studies, and regulatory focus theory, (b) The psychological functions of the 3 dimensions were investigated, (c) Using the framework, 2 process models that could explain the effects of positive and negative goals on human behavior were constructed: a behavioral activation system/behavioral inhibition system (BAS-BIS) mediation model and an affect-mediation model. In this way, many problems with the definitions of positive and negative goals could be resolved.