Bioelectrochemical systems for waste treatment and valorization: a review of applications and benefits

Abstract

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are emerging as a pivotal technology in waste valorization, with expanding applications in wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and greenhouse gas mitigation. This systematic review explores the diverse applications of BESs and their benefits in renewable energy production, waste management, and environmental protection. Based on biorefinery concepts, BESs are classified into three categories: waste-to-power, waste-to-fuel, and waste-to-chemicals. Key challenges affecting scalability are discussed, including cell design parameters, redox mediators, and electrode architecture. Among BES types, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are currently the most developed in terms of deployment and research investment. However, enzymatic electrochemical systems remain underexplored. As global demand grows for sustainable waste management solutions, BESs offer a promising platform that integrates resource recovery with environmental sustainability. Realizing their full potential will require continued innovation and collaboration among researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers to facilitate the transition from laboratory-scale studies to large-scale, practical applications.