Persistence of Vaccine mRNA, Plasmid DNA, Spike Protein, and Genomic Dysregulation Over 3.5 Years Post-COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination

Abstract

Background: The long-term bio-distribution and persistence of components from COVID-19 RNA vaccines remain insufficiently characterized. Emerging evidence suggests that prolonged spike protein expression, residual RNA, and plasmid DNA fragments may contribute to multi-system post-vaccination syndromes.