Attoclock revisited on electron tunnelling time

Abstract

The last decade has seen an intense renewed debate on tunnelling time, both from a theoretical and an experimental perspective. Here, we review recent developments and new insights in the field of strong-field tunnel ionization related to tunnelling time, and apply these findings to the interpretation of the attoclock experiment Landsman et al. [Optica2014, 1, 343]. We conclude that models including finite tunnelling time are consistent with recent experimental measurements. Abbreviations: A: adiabatic; ADK: Ammosov, Delone and Krainov model (1, 2); CEO: carrier-envelope-offset phase ϕCEO; CoM: centre of mass; CTMC: classical trajectory monte carlo simulation; FWHM: full width half maximum; IR: infrared; KR: Keldysh-Rutherford model; NA: non-adiabatic; PMD: photoelectron momentum distribution; PPT: Perelomov, Popov and Terent'ev model (3, 4); SAE: single active electron approximation; SCT: singleclassical trajectory; SFA: strong field approximation; TDSE: time-dependent Schrödinger equation.