Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Alleviates Bile Acid Metabolism and Hormonal Dysregulation in Letrozole-Induced PCOS Mice

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition influenced by genetic, metabolic, hormonal, and environmental factors. It often leads to high androgen levels, disrupted ovarian function, and metabolic issues. In this study, we investigated the effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on a mouse model of PCOS, which was induced using letrozole, a drug that blocks estrogen production. Letrozole treatment raised androgen levels, reduced bile acid levels, and caused liver dysfunction and ovarian abnormalities. Mice also showed irregular reproductive cycles and hormone imbalances. NMN treatment helped lower androgen levels, improved ovarian health, and partially restored bile acid levels. However, it did not fully normalize the reproductive cycle or lipid metabolism. These findings suggest that effective PCOS treatments should focus not only on improving ovarian health but also on addressing liver and gut metabolism to reduce hormonal imbalances and other health issues.