Examining variations in the prevalence of hazardous opioid prescribing across general practices in England: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background Prescribed opioids are potent analgesics associated with high safety risks due to their adverse effects, drug-drug and drug-disease interactions and potential for dependency. To support the implementation of prescribing indicators for further interventions, this study examined the prevalence of different types of potentially hazardous opioid prescribing (PHOP) in general practices across England and investigated underlying factors and variation between practices. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study focusing on adults (aged ≥18 years) at risk of triggering 17 PHOP indicators on 1 April 2021, involving 1358 general practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum. PHOP prevalence was calculated by dividing the number of patients triggering an indicator by the total number at risk. Variation was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models identified associated factors, presented as adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% CIs. Results Among 3 121 852 patients observed, 361 505 (11.58%, 95% CI 11.54, 11.62) triggered at least one PHOP indicator, yielding an ICC of 0.07 (95% CI 0.06, 0.07). The prevalence of the 17 PHOP indicators ranged from 1.97% to 32.02%. Significant variability was noted across the 17 indicators, especially for persistent opioid prescriptions in patients with alcohol use issues (ICC 0.08, 95% CI 0.07, 0.09), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma (ICC 0.08, 95% CI 0.07, 0.09) and hypothyroidism (ICC 0.07, 95% CI 0.06, 0.07). Patients from the most deprived regions (aOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.22, 1.34) and the Northwest of England (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.66, 1.81) had a higher risk of PHOP. Conclusions and relevance The high prevalence of PHOP, particularly among the most socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, emphasises existing prescribing risks and the need for their appropriate consideration within primary care. The high variation between practices indicates potential for improvement through targeted practice-level intervention.