Anatomical and Functional Aspects of Testicular Descent and Cryptorchidism*

Abstract

I. Normal Development A. Anatomical aspects 1. Sexual development 2. The gubernaculum 3. Cranial suspensory ligament 4. Abdominal pressure B. Hormonal control and functional aspects of testicular descent 1. Müllerian inhibiting substance 2. Androgen 3. The genitofemoral nerve (GFN) 4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) II. Cryptorchidism A. Etiology B. Frequency C. Are some UDT acquired? D. Risks of infertility/malignancy E. Role of hormone therapy F. Timing of surgery