Variables Related to the Effective Instruction Of Difficult-to-Teach Children

Abstract

This article discusses various variables that are important to the education of difficult-to-teach students. Pre-instructional methods, used prior to delivery of instruction, include the elements of advanced preparation and planning. They involve the arrangement of classroom space and student seating, development of rules and procedures for behavior and academic work, assessment to assist in planning instructional tasks, academic content, communicating learning goals, pacing, and the allocation of instructional time. Instructional delivery variables that influence student achievement outcomes and attitudes include student engagement time, success rate, academic learning time, and performance monitoring. Finally, certain practices that occur after instruction is delivered are related to achievement outcomes.