Idiopathic pericardial effusion in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract

The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of moderate to large (moderate–large) idiopathic pericardial effusion (i-PEF) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and to identify clinical and echocardiographic hemodynamic profiles associated with pericardial effusion. A total of 292 adult patients with HCM were studied. Fifteen patients with a history of factors associated with pericardial effusion including myocardial infarction, heart surgery or cardiac procedure within the last 12 months, autoimmune disease, hydralazine use, chronic kidney disease stage 3–4, tuberculosis, and malignancy were excluded. Of 277 eligible patients with HCM, 11 patients (4%) with moderate-large i-PEF were identified. Clinical tamponade was present in 1 patient. Compared to patients with HCM who had no or small pericardial effusion, patients with moderate-large i-PEF were younger and more likely to have right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and reverse septal curvature. These patients also exhibited a greater maximal septal thickness, mean and systolic pulmonary pressure, and right atrial pressure (p < 0.05 for all). Pericardial fluid analysis and histopathological exams were performed in 7 and 3 patients, respectively. All examinations revealed transudative and nonspecific etiology of pericardial effusion. Idiopathic pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in patients with HCM was uncommon. The pathophysiology involved in pericardial effusion remains undetermined. Patients with moderate-large i-PEF frequently exhibited a phenotype of pulmonary hypertension and RV pressure overload.