Comparison of 0.46% calcium diets with and without added anions with a 0.7% calcium anionic diet as a means to reduce periparturient hypocalcemia

Abstract

Most studies demonstrating that diets with low dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) reduce hypocalcemia in cows add enough anions to the diet to reduce urine pH below 7.0. One objective of these experiments was to determine whether there is any benefit to periparturient plasma Ca concentration if diet anion addition results in a lesser degree of acidification of the cow and urine pH does not go below 7.0. Another method for reducing hypocalcemia involves feeding a prepartal diet that is Ca deficient. This places the cow in negative Ca balance before calving, stimulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D secretion before calving and thus promoting Ca homeostasis at calving. As practiced in the field, low-Ca diets are often about 0.5% Ca. Our second objective was to determine whether a 0.46% Ca diet would be sufficiently low in Ca to stimulate PTH secretion before calving. A meta-analysis of the literature suggests that a 0.5% Ca, low-DCAD diet will reduce hypocalcemia better than a 0.7% Ca diet. A third objective was to compare periparturient plasma Ca in cows fed 0.46 or 0.72% Ca diets with similar DCAD. In experiment 1, anions (primarily chloride) or anions plus Ca were added to a 1.4% K basal diet to create the following diets: 0.46% Ca and +167 mEq/kg of DCAD, 0.46% Ca and −13 mEq/kg of DCAD, and 0.72% Ca and −17 mEq/kg of DCAD. In experiment 2, the same amounts of anion were added to a 2.05% K basal diet to create the following diets: 0.46% Ca and +327 mEq/kg of DCAD, 0.46% Ca and +146 mEq/kg of DCAD, and 0.72% Ca and +140 mEq/kg of DCAD. In experiment 1, cows fed the diet with 0.46% Ca and +167 mEq/kg of DCAD had significantly lower plasma Ca concentration after calving than cows fed the 0.46 or 0.72% Ca diets with anions. Periparturient plasma Ca concentrations did not differ in cows fed the low-DCAD diets with 0.46 or 0.72% Ca. Urine pH was reduced from 8.27 in the diet with 0.46% Ca and +167 mEq/kg of DCAD to 7.07 and 7.41 in the 0.46 and 0.72% Ca anion diets, respectively. Precalving plasma PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were similar in cows fed the 0.46% Ca diets and the 0.72% Ca diets, suggesting that the 0.46% Ca diets were not low enough in Ca to place the cow in negative Ca balance before calving. In experiment 2, adding the anion supplements to a 2.05% K diet did not reduce urine pH below 8.0. Periparturient plasma Ca concentrations did not differ in cows in any group in experiment 2. Precalving diets that are 0.46% Ca fed ad libitum are too high in Ca to stimulate Ca homeostasis before calving. Adding anions to a diet can benefit periparturient cow plasma Ca concentration, but only if it alters acid–base status enough to reduce urine pH below 7.5.