The measurement of dietary species richness reveals that a higher consumption of dietary fibre, fish, fruits and vegetables, is associated with greater food biodiversity in UK diets

Abstract

Objective: We determined whether dietary species richness (DSR) (i) can be robustly measured using 4-day food intake data, (ii) is dependent on socio-demographic characteristics and (iii) is associated with diet quality. Design: The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) nutrient databank 2018-2019 was expanded to include FoodEx2 food classifications, ingredients, the number and identity of unique species, Nutrient Rich Food 8·3 (NRF 8·3) Index scores and greenhouse gas emissions. Four-day food intake data and socio-demographic variables were used to calculate diet quality and DSR on the food and diet level. Setting: The United Kingdom (UK). Participants: Participants from NDNS 9-11 (2016-2019). Results: Composite dishes had the highest DSR (median 8 (Q1 = 4, Q3 = 12)), followed by seasoning, sauces and condiments (median 7, (Q1 = 4, Q3 = 10)) and, grains and grain-based products (median 5, (Q1 = 2, Q3 = 7)). Median DSR over 4 days was 49 (Q1 = 43, Q3 = 56; range 14-92), with the first 2 days achieving 80 % of DSR measured over 4 days. DSR was significantly higher in those who were younger, those with a higher household income or those with a lower level of deprivation (all P < 0·001). Higher DSR was associated with a small but significant improvement in nutritional quality (P < 0·001). Also, adherence to dietary guidelines such as fibre, fruits and vegetables and fish was associated with significantly higher DSR (all P < 0·001). Conclusions: We successfully established DSR based on 4-day food intake data. We also identified opportunities to improve DSR by increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, fibre and fish.