Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 activation is essential for progression through the G2/M checkpoint arrest in cells exposed to ionizing radiation

Abstract

An increasing body of evidence suggests that mitogen-induced activation of the RAF/ERK signaling pathway is functionally separate stress-induced activation of the SEK/JNK/p38 signaling pathway. In general, stress stimuli strongly activate the p38s and the JNKs while only weakly activating ERK1 and ERK2. However, a number of independent groups have now shown that the RAF/ERK signaling pathway is strongly activated by ionizing radiation. In this work, we examine this paradox. We show that both mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and MAP kinase kinase 2 (MEK2) are activated by ionizing radiation. Blockage of this activation through the use of dominant negative MEK2 increases sensitivity of the cell to ionizing radiation and decreases the ability of a cell to recover from the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint arrest. Blocking MEK2 activation does not affect double-strand DNA break repair, however. Although MEK1 is activated to a lesser extent by ionizing radiation, expression of a dominant negative MEK1 does not affect radiation sensitivity of the cell, the G2/M checkpoint of the cell, or double-strand break repair. Because ionizing radiation leads to a different cell cycle arrest (G2/M arrest) than that typically seen with other stress stimuli, and because we have shown that MEK2 can affect G2/M checkpoint kinetics, these results provide an explanation for the observation that the MEKs can be strongly activated by ionizing radiation and only weakly activated by other stressful stimuli.