A perspective for the acceptance of water reuse: history of the valorization of wastewater throughout the development of society

Abstract

Water reuse has been practiced for more than 5,000 years with different approaches by society throughout historical periods. We developed a concept that presents evidence and artistic-cultural manifestations about episodes of valorization (V), devaluation (D), and revaluation (R) of wastewater (WW) throughout history, called ‘Historical Development VxDxR/WW’. We conclude that WW has had a long valorization period of more than 3,500 years; the WW devaluation period lasted approximately 150 years; and in the last 100 years, there has been an attempt to revalue WW, with scientific, legal, and technological advances. We believe that a broad understanding of this concept can drive a true paradigm shift to guide public policies and appropriate decision-making, in the context of efficient water management. To guarantee a safe, sustainable, and economically viable water reuse practice, it is necessary to develop and implement a regulatory framework that involves, in addition to legal aspects, regional strategic planning and the production of social education instruments for the acceptance of water reuse. In this sense, this concept can pave the way for the necessary and expected advances.