Current concepts on the pathophysiology and management of recurrent ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability

Abstract

Lateral ankle sprains occur more than any other musculoskeletal injury in an athletic population. The greatest risk for an inversion ankle sprain is a history of a previous sprain. Recurring instability associated with subjective complaints of giving way is often termed chronic ankle instability (CAI). CAI has been associated with altered postural control, sensorimotor deficits, reduced physical activity, functional limitations, and long-term degeneration of the joint. Alterations, including muscle activity and changes in the kinematics of the lower extremity may predispose this population to continued instability at the joint and long term health issues. Common treatments include using external support, therapeutic modalities, and directed rehabilitation. Wearing ankle braces and performing balance training has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrent ankle sprains. Directed rehabilitation may improve function in patients with CAI. By identifying and minimizing dysfunction following ankle sprains, clinicians may improve the short-term and long-term function of this population.