Rapid Orbital Decay in the Ultracompact Double-degenerate Binary eRASSU J060839.5$-$704014

Abstract

We present timing and spectral analysis of the recently identified ultracompact double-degenerate (DD) white dwarf binary eRASSU J060839.5$-$704014 using observations from NICER and Einstein Probe (EP), together with archival XMM-Newton data. By phase-connecting the long-term XMM-Newton, NICER, and EP observations, we obtain a coherent quadratic timing solution, yielding an orbital period of 374.15013 (2) s and an orbital decay rate of $\dot{P}= -4.7\,(1) \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~s~s^{-1}}$. This orbital decay exceeds that measured in the prototypical DD binaries HM Cnc and V407 Vul. Assuming that the observed orbital evolution is primarily driven by gravitational-wave (GW) angular momentum loss, the inferred chirp mass is $\sim0.43\, M_{\odot}$, placing the source among the most massive known systems of this class. The phase-averaged spectra of NICER and EP-Follow-up X-ray Telescope (FXT) are described by a soft thermal component with temperatures of ~126 and ~144 eV, respectively, confirming the supersoft nature of the source. Phase-resolved spectroscopy reveals a clear decrease in temperature across the bright phase in both instruments, indicating a structured emission region with significant temperature gradients. These results establish eRASSU J060839.5$-$704014 as one of the most rapidly evolving ultracompact DD binaries presently known, belonging to the rare class of direct-impact ultracompact binaries, and a promising verification source for future low-frequency GW studies.