The Palaeontological Heritage of Boulemane Between Illegal Looting and Geoconservation: Issues, Challenges and Solutions

Abstract

Morocco possesses important palaeontological heritage, recognized at both the national and international levels, including within the Boulemane region, located in the Middle Atlas Mountains. This reputation has attracted numerous palaeontologists eager to explore its unique and non-renewable resources. However, this growing interest has also led to increased illegal fossil looting, exacerbated by the historical absence of a robust legal framework, facilitating the black-market trade and export of fossils. In response to such challenges, Morocco has undertaken significant legislative efforts, including the adoption of Law No. 33 − 13 in 2016 and Law No. 33 − 22, in 2025, aimed at regulating and preserving this heritage. Despite the advances, enforcement remains limited. This paper aims to clarify the Moroccan legislative framework for the protection of palaeontological heritage using the Boulemane region as a case study, raise awareness among scientists and the public, identify the main issues and challenges, and proposing actionable recommendations for an effective and sustainable geoconservation strategy.