Influence of Band Alignment, Electric Field, Layer Thickness, Temperature, Series Resistance, and Shunt Resistance on Lead-Free Double Perovskite Solar Cells with Spiro-OMeTAD: A SCAPS-1D Simulation Study

Abstract

Investigating the photovoltaic (PV) performance of lead-free double perovskite solar cells (DPSCs) with a structure comprising a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate, tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) as the electron transport layer (ETL), inorganic-lead free and non-toxic double perovskite La 2 NiMnO6 absorber, Spiro-OMeTAD as the hole transport layer (HTL), and gold (Au) electrode using the SCAPS-1D framework is crucial for optimizing their efficiency. Despite significant progress in DPSCs, there remains a research gap in understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying their performance, particularly in optimizing material properties and device architectures for enhanced efficiency. This study focuses on optimizing the device architecture by investigating the impact of band alignment, electric field, layer thickness, temperature, series resistance, and shunt resistance on enhancing DPSC performance. Achieving an power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.51% with detailed analysis of the DPSCs highlights the key factors influencing their efficiency. These findings contribute valuable insights into enhancing the performance of DPSCs, advancing their potential for widespread adoption in solar energy conversion.