Protein Kinase C-λ Knockout in Embryonic Stem Cells and Adipocytes Impairs Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transport

Abstract

Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms have been suggested to mediate insulin effects on glucose transport in adipocytes and other cells. To more rigorously test this hypothesis, we generated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and ES-derived adipocytes in which both aPKC-λ alleles were knocked out by recombinant methods. Insulin activated PKC-λ and stimulated glucose transport in wild-type (WT) PKC-λ+/+, but not in knockout PKC-λ-/-, ES cells. However, insulin-stimulated glucose transport was rescued by expression of WT PKC-λ in PKC-λ -/- ES cells. Surprisingly, insulin-induced increases in both PKC-λ activity and glucose transport were dependent on activation of proline-rich tyrosine protein kinase 2, the ERK pathway, and phospholipase D (PLD) but were independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in PKC-λ+/+ ES cells. Interestingly, this dependency was completely reversed after differentiation of ES cells to adipocytes, i.e. insulin effects on PKC-λ and glucose transport were dependent on PI3K, rather than proline-rich tyrosine protein kinase 2/ERK/PLD. As in ES cells, insulin effects on glucose transport were absent in PKC-λ-/- adipocytes but were rescued by expression of WT PKC-λ in these adipocytes. Our findings suggest that insulin activates aPKCs and glucose transport in ES cells by a newly recognized PI3K-independent ERK/PLD-dependent pathway and provide a compelling line of evidence suggesting that aPKCs are required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport, regardless of whether aPKCs are activated by PI3K-dependent or PI3K-independent mechanisms.