State-of-the-Art Review on the Role and Applicability of Select Nano-Compounds in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Applications

Abstract

The traditional soil stabilization techniques, which primarily include calcium-rich additives, are gradually replaced by environmentally friendly techniques as the former increases the carbon footprint emissions. On the other hand, nanomaterials (particles with a size range of less than 100 nm) are gaining acceptance in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering due to their non-toxic nature and less energy consumption required for production. These materials have entirely different properties from conventional materials. When mixed with soil particles, their relatively larger specific surface area values trigger an easy and rapid reaction. The paper reviews the applicability of select nanomaterials such as metallic nanoparticles (which include nano-copper oxide (nano-CuO), nano-magnesium oxide (nano-MgO), iron oxide nanoparticles (nano-Fe2O3), nano-alumina (nano-Al2O3), nano-clay, nano-silica (nano-SiO2), colloidal silica, to name a few, in the areas of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering by highlighting the associated mechanisms of interaction. The targeted geotechnical properties include plasticity, compressibility, consolidation, permeability, and strength characteristics under different conditions. Further, the effect of the select nanoparticles on microbial activity, their applicability in remediation of organic and inorganic contaminants from different soil–water systems, and their cost-effectiveness are discussed.