Vigilancia epidemiológica de agentes bacterianos causantes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos en el norte de Chile, 2016-2022

Abstract

Objetivo Describir las bacterias notificadas en matrices relacionadas con las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETAs) en la región de Tarapacá (Chile). Materiales y Métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo del total de las notificaciones informadas por el sistema vigilancia en Tarapacá, desde el año 2016 hasta el 2022. Las variables analizadas fueron bacteria causal, alimento involucrado, programa de vigilancia y distribución temporal de las bacterias notificadas durante dicho periodo. Resultados Durante el periodo analizado se notificaron 184 cepas de diferentes bacterias (Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae y Bacillus cereus). Los productos cárnicos y los platos preparados, en conjunto con los productos de la pesca son los que contienen más detecciones bacterianas. El programa de vigilancia regional de alimentos ha notificado todas las bacterias mencionadas y es el que tiene mayores notificaciones, seguido de las importaciones. Se notificaron más bacterias en alimentos que en agua. El año 2019 fue el que tuvo un mayor número de bacterias notificadas (68 cepas). Salmonella spp y Staphylococcus aureus fueron las bacterias que se notificaron todos los años. Salmonella spp y Vibrio parahemolyticus fueron las que tuvieron un mayor número de notificaciones, con 34,8% y 22,8%, respectivamente. Conclusión La información solicitada a través de transparencia activa a la Secretaría Regional Ministerial de Salud de Tarapacá y al Instituto de Salud Pública permitió identificar las bacterias con mayor ocurrencia y más frecuentes. También se logró identificar que los programas de vigilancia regional y de importaciones deben fortalecerse y que los productos cárnicos, en conjunto con los productos de la pesca, demandan mayor fiscalización.Objective To describe the bacteria reported in matrices related to foodborne diseases (FBDs) in the Tarapacá region (Chile). Materials and Methods A descriptive study was conducted on the total number of notifications reported by the surveillance system in Tarapacá from 2016 to 2022. The analyzed variables included the causative bacteria, the implicated food, the surveillance program, and the temporal distribution of the reported bacteria during this period. Results During the analyzed period, 184 strains of different bacteria (Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus cereus) were reported. Meat products and prepared dishes, together with seafood products, were the most frequently detected with bacterial contamination. The regional food surveillance program reported all the aforementioned bacteria and had the highest number of notifications, followed by imports. More bacteria were reported in food than in water. 2019 had the highest number of reported bacteria (68 strains). Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were reported every year. Salmonella spp. and Vibrio parahaemolyticus had the highest number of notifications, 34.8% and 22.8%, respectively. During the period analyzed 184 strains of different bacteria (Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus cereus) were reported. Meat products and prepared dishes, together with fishery products, contain the most bacterial detections. The regional food surveillance program has reported all the above-mentioned bacteria and has the most notifications, followed by imports. More bacteria were reported in food than in water. The year 2019 had the highest number of bacteria reported (68 strains). Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus were the bacteria reported every year. Salmonella spp and Vibrio parahemolyticus had the highest number of notifications, with 34.8% and 22.8%, respectively. Conclusion The information obtained through active transparency from the Regional Ministerial Secretariat of Health of Tarapacá and the Public Health Institute allowed for the identification of the most prevalent and frequent bacteria. It was also determined that the regional and import surveillance programs need to be strengthened, and that meat products, along with seafood products, require closer monitoring.