Who Are Independents? Are They Moderate in Political Ideology?

Abstract

Political polarization and division between the two major U.S. political parties has sparked a growing interest in independent voters - individuals who prefer not to align with the two major political parties. Independents make up the largest proportion of the U.S. electorate. Despite the growth of independent identifiers, scholars continue to debate whether independents are truly distinct or merely weak partisans, and there has been little prior research on the characteristics of independents and how the public perceives them. This study assesses how independents differ demographically, ideologically, and perceptually from partisans. Evidence from voter file data suggests independents are younger, less educated, and more likely to be moderates. Analysis of a unique 2022 national survey finds independents want a political system that is more inclusive, offers better representation, and allows for increased political flexibility (with less categorization). The results suggest independents seek a greater sense of participation in the political process.