The structure and growth processes of caudal thorns

Abstract

Caudal thorns from bathyrajids (family Rajidae), for which surface band patters have previously been correlated with an annual cycle of vertebral band deposition, were examined to ascertain the underlying growth band structure with a view to understanding their growth processes. Caudal thom samples from Bathyraja brachyurops, a commercial ray species from the Falkland Islands were sectioned transversely using both resin embedding and decalcification/wax embedding procedures. Sectioning revealed that internal bands formed as a series of cones underlying each other, and that broad surface bands formed annually during periods of rapid somatic growth. Surface ridges representing a near stasis in somatic growth formed at the periphery of each cone. This proposed growth process was further verified by the incorporation of tetracycline at the periphery of caudal thorns from a tagrecaptured bathyrajid. The benefits of using sectioning to enhance band resolution of larger specimens of slower growing species, particularly in the case of worn and tightly spaced surface band patterns are also discussed.