Tornadoes in Germany: intensity, temporal and spatial distribution

Abstract

A detailed statistical analysis of tornadoes in Germany is performed based on the European Severe Weather Database using all available quality controlled tornado reports, with a focus on the period 2000–2024. Statistical analyses raise a general awareness of the possibility of tornadoes, which are an underestimated threat in Europe. Most of the tornadoes occur between May and September with a maximum in August, mainly due to a distinct maximum of waterspouts. Significant tornadoes (F2+) have their maximum in late spring to early summer. The majority of all tornadoes occurs in the afternoon and evening, while waterspouts mainly occur in the morning. Tornadoes occur everywhere in Germany; the population density influences the spatial distribution of tornado reports. Furthermore, local hotspots, which are best visible for significant tornadoes, are induced by local topography. Given the inhomogeneities of the time series, and based on the available data, a statement on an underlying climatological trend cannot be made.