Materials for lower limb prosthetic and orthotic interfaces and sockets: Evolution and associated skin problems

Abstract

Introduction: Sockets and interfaces are important elements for lower limb orthoses and prostheses, as they allow for proper contact and fit between the devices and the affected limb or stump. Objective: To review the different polymers used in the development of lower limb sockets and external prosthetic and orthotic interfaces, their functional requirements and the possible skin problems caused by their use. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using the databases EBSCO, Embase, LILACS, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Results: 47 articles and papers that met the inclusion criteria were retrieved. Thermoplastics, thermosets, foams, gels and elastomers are among the polymers used for manufacturing prosthetic and orthotic interfaces and sockets. However, studies estimate that between 32% and 90.9% of the population that use these devices have experienced skin problems on the affected stump or limb, such as excessive sweating, wounds and irritation. Conclusion: There is a clear need for further research to develop prosthetic and orthotic interfaces and sockets for lower limbs that can prevent or control damage to the skin of users.