Characterization of emamectin benzoate resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Plutella xylostella (L.) is a destructive pest of cruciferous crops worldwide that has evolved resistance to many insecticides. Here we examined the mode of inheritance, cross-resistance profile, and potential mechanisms of emamectin benzoate resistance in a field-derived strain of P. xylostella from Japan. RESULTS: A field-collected population of P. xylostella, was found to exhibit strong (> 150-fold) resistance to emamectin benzoate in insecticide bioassays when compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. Genetic analysis showed that resistance is inherited as an autosomal, recessive trait, and is conferred by a single or a few closely linked loci. The emamectin benzoate resistant strain also exhibited resistance to abamectin, lepimectin, chlorantraniliprole, lufenuron, spinetoram, indoxacarb, fipronil, dieldrin, endosulfan and lambda-cyhalothrin, demonstrating a remarkable multi-resistance profile. Insecticide bioassays employing inhibitors of detoxification enzymes revealed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the toxicity of emamectin benzoate in the resistant strain by ten-fold indicating the potential involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in avermectin resistance. Furthermore, cloning and sequencing of the primary receptor of avermectins, the GluCl channel, revealed the absence of target-site mutations in the resistant strain. CONCLUSIONS: Our data on the mode of inheritance and mechanisms of resistance to emamectin benzoate in a P. xylostella strain from Japan provide a foundation for the development of regional resistance management strategies. However, the high levels of phenotypic resistance in this strain to a diverse range of other insecticide classes available for control illustrate the challenges associated with the sustainable control of this important pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.