Birth Defects and Mortality-Related Factors in Colombia: Insights from a Surveillance Cohort (2002-2019)

Abstract

Introduction: Birth defects are a leading cause of neonatal mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Latin America, longitudinal studies on BD prevalence and mortality remain limited. Objectives: To describe BD epidemiology in Bogotá and Cali (2002-2019), focusing on prevalence, in-hospital mortality, and associated maternal and neonatal factors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study using PREVERDEC surveillance data from 558 057 births, following Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) methodology. BD prevalence was expressed per 10 000 live births, and Cox regression identified mortality risk factors. Results: BD prevalence was 126.8 (95% CI: 123.9-129.8) per 10 000 live births, with musculoskeletal anomalies most common. Neonatal mortality was 0.26 per 1000 live births. Mortality risk was higher in preterm infants, those with major BD, and circulatory system defects. Conclusion: This study provides updated evidence on BD in Colombia, highlighting risk factors for adverse outcomes.