Research progress of berberine mediated photodynamic therapy (Review)

Abstract

Berberine (BBR) is a plant secondary metabolite that has been used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the last few decades. The present review aimed to discuss the research progress of BBR‑mediated photodynamic actions. The following key words were searched in several databases: ‘Berberine’ combined with ‘photodynamic therapy’, ‘sono‑ dynamic therapy (SDT)’, ‘ultraviolet’, ‘reactive oxygen’ and ‘singlet oxygen’. The results demonstrated that both type I and type II reactions participated in the photodynamic progression of BBR derivatives. In addition, the photochemical character‑ istics of BBR derivatives were affected by the polarity, pH and O2 content of solvents. DNA binding increases the lifespan of the photoexcited BBR state and generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) The chemical properties of substituents in different posi‑ tions of the BBR skeleton are pivotal for its photochemical properties, particularly the methylenedioxy group at the C‑2 and C‑3 positions. BBR is a promising agent for mediating both PDT‑ and SDT‑treated diseases, particularly in tumors. However, further studies are required to validate their biolog‑ ical effects. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of BBR‑PDT remain unclear and warrant further investigation. The structural modification and targeted delivery of BBR have made it possible to broaden its applica‑ tions; however, experimental verification is required. Overall, BBR acts as a sensitizer for PDT and has promising develop‑ ment prospects.