Unlocking the Potential of Phyllanthus Species From Traditional Knowledge to Clinical Trials: An Updated Review of Metabolomics Approach in Diabetes Intervention

Abstract

Phyllanthus species have been known for their medicine and food homology properties in the management of diabetes and related metabolic disorders. This review provides the scientific insights supporting the potential in diabetes prevention and intervention. Descriptions of the geographical distribution and traditional usage highlight the similarities and differences among selected Phyllanthus species, that is, Phyllanthus niruri L., Phyllanthus urinaria L. and Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, known for their extensive conventional usage in Southeast Asia, particularly Malay Peninsula. Their rich phytochemical profiles, well-documented antidiabetic properties and abundant existing research necessitate a review for potential sustainable food and clinical applications. Metabolomics unlocked the therapeutic avenues of Phyllanthus species for a more sustainable and natural option for diabetes remedies. The overview of phytochemical fingerprints and bioactive compounds in Phyllanthus plants, and the elucidation of biomarker pathways deepened the understanding of antidiabetic properties of these medicinal plants. Additionally, the toxicological data revealed that lower dosages of Phyllanthus species are safe for consumption without significant adverse effects. Data from 2010 to 2025 for in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic studies demonstrated the capability of Phyllanthus species as anti-hyperglycemic agent. Nevertheless, limited clinical trials have shown prominent antidiabetic properties. Standardized polyherbal marketed products and patents incorporating Phyllanthus species in various formulations have been abundantly filed. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive insight into the role of bioactive phytoconstituents in Phyllanthus species and enhance the prospects in the advancement of functional food ingredients and drug discovery for diabetes management.