The Brightest UV-selected Galaxies in Protoclusters at z ∼ 4: Ancestors of Brightest Cluster Galaxies?

Abstract

We present the results of a survey of the brightest UV-selected galaxies in protoclusters. These proto-brightest cluster galaxy (proto-BCG) candidates are drawn from 179 overdense regions of g -dropout galaxies at z  ∼ 4 from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program identified previously as good protocluster candidates. This study is the first to extend the systematic study of the progenitors of BCGs from z  ∼ 2 to z  ∼ 4. We carefully remove possible contaminants from foreground galaxies and, for each structure, select the brightest galaxy that is at least 1 mag brighter than the fifth-brightest galaxy. We select 63 proto-BCG candidates and compare their properties with those of galaxies in the field and those of other galaxies in overdense structures. The proto-BCG candidates and their surrounding galaxies have different rest-UV color ( i  −  z ) distributions to field galaxies and other galaxies in protoclusters that do not host proto-BCGs. In addition, galaxies surrounding proto-BCGs are brighter than those in protoclusters without proto-BCGs. The image stacking analysis reveals that the average effective radius of proto-BCGs is ∼28% larger than that of field galaxies. The i  −  z color differences suggest that proto-BCGs and their surrounding galaxies are dustier than other galaxies at z  ∼ 4. These results suggest that specific environmental effects or assembly biases have already emerged in some protoclusters as early as z  ∼ 4, and we suggest that proto-BCGs have different star formation histories than other galaxies in the same epoch.