Compartmental analyses of 2H5-α-linolenic acid and 13C-U-eicosapentaenoic acid toward synthesis of plasma labeled 22:6n-3 in newborn term infants

Abstract

Background: During early postnatal development, the nervous system accretes docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), a highly unsaturated n-3 (omega-3) fatty acid (FA) used in the formation of neural cell membranes. DHA, which is present in human breast milk, may also be biosynthesized from n-3 FAs such as 18:3n-3 [α-linolenic acid (ALA)] or 20:5n-3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)]. An important concern is to what extent these precursors can supply DHA to the developing infant. Objective: We analyzed measurements of fractional percentages of plasma 2H5-ALA and 13C-U-EPA directed toward the synthesis of labeled 22:6n-3 in 11 newborn infants by using compartmental modeling procedures. Design: One-week-old infants received doses of 2H5-ALA and 13C-U-EPA ethyl esters enterally. We drew blood from the infants periodically and analyzed the plasma for endogenous and labeled n-3 FAs. From the time-course concentrations of the labeled FAs, we determined rate constant coefficients, fractional synthetic rates, and plasma turnover rates of n-3 FAs. Results: In infants, ≈0.04% of the 2H5-ALA dose converted to plasma 2H 5-EPA. Plasma 2H5-EPA and 2H 5-22:5n-3 [docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)] efficiently converted to 2H5-DPA and 2H5-DHA, respectively. The percentage of plasma 13C-U-EPA directed toward the synthesis of 13C-DHA was lower than the percentage of plasma 2H 5-EPA that originated from 2H5-ALA. Conclusions: Endogenously synthesized EPA was efficiently converted to DHA. In comparison, preformed EPA was less efficiently used for DHA biosynthesis, which suggests a differential metabolism of endogenous EPA compared with exogenous EPA. However, on a per mole basis, preformed EPA was 3.6 times more effective toward DHA synthesis than was ALA. Newborns required an intake of ≈5 mg preformed DHA • kg-1 • d-1 to maintain plasma DHA homeostasis. © 2010 American Society for Nutrition.